The First Criteria For Dissociative Identity Disorder

The first criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder is the presence of two or more identities or personality states, each with own thinking and behaviors to the environment and self. This is the discontinuity in sense of self and other personalities accompanied by memory, perception, sensory-motor function etc. The second criteria is at least two of the criteria for these identities must recurrently take control of the host’s behaviors. Each personality may have different handwriting, style, attitudes, facial expression, and perspectives. For example; in the case of Eve White, her other personality Eve Black, was the completely opposite. Her actions and attitude was completely different from when she was Eve White, she even told the psychiatrist that while Black wants to live, while White doesn’t, and how she would go drinking all night, leaving Eve White to deal with the hangover. The third criteria is the inability to recall important information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. The fourth is â€Å"disturbance is not due to direc physiological effects of a substance or medical condition†. When diagnosing children, it’s important that the symptoms are not related to an imaginary playmate (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Many symptoms to diagnosis DID are similar to Schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions and they often occurred in those that have been diagnosed with PTSD, therefore, before the criteria for diagnosing DIDShow MoreRelatedEvidence of Dissociative Identity Disorder in Fight Club1099 Words   |  5 PagesIn the movie Fight Club we are introduced to an average, white-collared, middle aged man who is seemingly normal at first glance. However, it is clear that the narrator suffers from insomnia, anxiety, and depression very early in the film. The narrator attempts to combat these symptoms in a number of ways, however, the only way that he has found to be effective is by attending support groups on a nightly basis. The narrator soon creates an alter ego (though we do not know he is his alterRead MoreCase Analysis : Karen Overhill717 Words   |  3 PagesKaren; A 29 year old brown hair, brown eye, over weight female.The oldest of two brothers,age 28(Martin J. R.) and 26(unknown name).Her mothers name is Katrina from Hungarian descent.One of eight siblings and her fathers name is Martin,born in 1933 the first of two siblings.Karen describes her father as a nauseating, juvenile,messy, compulsive thief, All he ponders is sex.Karen detest him.He mishandled her continually physically and rationally. He made her feel undesirable, shaky, futile. Karen parentsRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And The Disorder919 Words   |  4 PagesDisorder and Topic The disorder I chose to research for my paper was Dissociative Identity Disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder is formerly known as multiple personality disorder and is characterized as an individual presenting two or more alternate personalities. Those said personalities are said to essentially help an individual escape the stress and overwhelming struggles of everyday life (Traub, 2009). As for my topic I chose to explore was whether or not Dissociative Identity DisorderRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Mpd )921 Words   |  4 PagesWhen most people think of mental disorders, many tend to think of depression, bipolar disorder, or even Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The one thing these three disorders have in common is they all can be associated with a disorder called Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD). A person with MPD â€Å"behaves as if under the control of distinct and separate parts of the personality at different times† (Bull). As research has adv anced on the studying of MPD, researchers have deemed the official diagnosticRead MoreEssay on Secret Window974 Words   |  4 Pagespaper, I will discuss the accuracy of David Koepp’s portrayal of Dissociative Identity Disorder in the main character of Secret Window, some symptoms that are clear and maybe not so clear, as well as treatment options for DID. Dissociative Identity Disorder, previously known as â€Å"multiple personality disorder†, is a mental disorder in which a person can adopt up to 100 new identities. Each alter, or different personality/identity, simultaneously coexists with each other. One hundred alters wouldRead MoreRehab960 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Dissociative Disorders is the disruption in the integrated functions of consciences, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. They are marked by a dissociation from or interruption of a person’s fundamental aspect of waking consciousness such as personal identity and one’s personal history. In this paper I will be discussing the main dissociative disorders, which are: Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder, and Depersonalization Disorder. All ofRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1384 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder (DID for short and popularly known as multiple personality disorder) is one of the more fascinating and simultaneously terrifying of the formal mental disorders. Probably due in part to DID’s fantastic, almost unbelievable nature, it is also one of the more controversial disorders that has been formally included in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistic al Manual of Mental Disorders). In the most recent DSM, DSM-5, the signature criteria for DID is the â€Å"disruption of identityRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1678 Words   |  7 PagesDissociation is defined as â€Å"a mental process, which produces a lack of connection in a person s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity† (Grohol, 2016). The Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a severe condition in which two or more separate, distinct identities or personality states are present in an individual. In other words, a person has, what seems like, actual distinct and contrasting people in their head and these â€Å"alters† are able to take control of an individual’sRead MoreShutter Island : Film Analysis Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages2010 film directed by Martin Scorsese. Starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Mark Ruffalo, this film is 138 minutes of psychological thrills and horror. Shutter Island covers the field of psychopathology. 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The Human Trafficking Crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2166 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? The fifteenth century marks the introduction of human trafficking in the Americas. Slavery still exists in the United States, and in other countries, and governments are not doing enough about it. Those who think that slavery in America ended with the creation of the 13th amendment couldn’t be farther from the truth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Human Trafficking Crisis" essay for you Create order To fully understand human trafficking throughout the ages; the origin of slavery, aspects of slavery in the United States, the focus of policing human trafficking, and the treatment of victims of human trafficking, must be inspected thoroughly. â€Å". . . Experts estimate that more than half a million women are trafficked across international borders each year and every year 50,000 women are trafficked into the United States.† (Simons, 2010, pg. 65). The governments of all countries need to join together to help better prevent and stop human trafficking, and to create programs for survivors of human trafficking. To completely understand the nature of this matter, the origins of this issue must be investigated. Addressing slavery’s initiation and slavery in Europe, as well as the purpose of medieval slavery are necessary to discovering how governments have not done their part in protecting their people from human trafficking and how they have not assisted survivors of human trafficking in their countries. â€Å". . . As an institution, modern forms of slavery, such as people trafficking, still exist, despite slavery being almost universally banned in societies today.† (â€Å"How Did Slavery Develop?†, 2016). Finally, illustrating how slavery relates to economics, ethics, and American culture, will round out the information. Understanding the concept of slavery means understanding that its origins begin not with the Americas, but seemingly with the very origin of human life. â€Å"Slavery has been an ancient institution that likely goes back to periods of the earliest writing if not originating even before.† (â€Å"How Did Slavery Develop?†, 2016). The system of slavery has been used by mankind for millenniums, and the development of the system is most notably attributed to the necessity to utilize prisoners of war. However, this was not the sole slave source: â€Å"Slavery also developed as a form of punishment for individuals who defaulted on debt. As societies became monetized by the 3rd millennium BCE, slavery became a way in which individuals were punished for falling into debt.† (â€Å"How Did Slavery Develop?†, 2016). Throughout centuries both of these methods are recurring factors in the victimization of individuals trafficked into the slave trade. Medieval Europe is n o different. â€Å"In the earliest part of the Middle Ages, slaves could be found in many societies, among them the Cymry in Wales and the Anglo-Saxons in England. The Slavs of central Europe were often captured and sold into slavery, usually by rival Slavic tribes. Moors were known to keep slaves and believed that setting a slave free was an act of great piety.† (Thought Co., 2017). Modern day slavery still resembles medieval slavery at its core, utilizing unpaid labor to achieve a goal that others do not desire to perform under general conditions. However, modern slavery has an entirely different purpose and target group. Rather than using slavery as a punishment for debtor as has been done in the past centuries, modern day slavery is an exploitation of labor and an exploitation of innocents. This should not be mistaken as heralding slavery of the past as justice of some sort, but rather a statement that in the very least some amount of reason can be attributed to who was enslaved. â€Å"In Brazil, for example, girls may be trafficked for sex work from rural to urban areas, whereas males may be sold to work in the gold mines of the Amazon jungle. In the Ivory Coast, children are frequently sold into slavery to work on cocoa plantations.†(Feingold, 2005) Children, women, and men alike are all sold into varying sorts slavery, few of them ever â€Å"deserving† of such a fate. This target group of modern slavery is simple: anyone is vulnerable. Social and economic class have very little to do with it either, as David Feingold points out: â€Å"To fill the demand for ever cheaper labor, many victims are trafficked within the same economic class. . .†, â€Å". . . In parts of Africa girls from medium sized towns are more vulnerable to trafficking than those in rural villages.†(Feingold, 2005). Where a common fallacy once stood, new light has been shed; anyone and everyone is susceptible to trafficking no matter gender, no matter social class a far cry from the origins of this institution of pain. The institution of slavery in Europe, however, would be overtaken by serfdom. â€Å"[Slavery] began to be replaced by serfdom. Much attention is focused on the serf. His plight was not much better than the slaves had been, as he was bound to the land instead of to an individual owner, and could not be sold to another estate.† (Thought Co., 2017). While serfdom would eventually transition back to slavery after the black plague, there were about to be far more atrocities committed overseas. The American slave trade would be quite different than that of the old world, in particular, the fact that slavery would be confined to a select race. However, the American slave trade was essential to the formation of the strong economic nation that still remains a global superpower: America. The American slave trade helped to kickstart the economy of America, with what was essentially free labor producing the cash crops of the South, slavery is clear contribution to the economics of early America. â€Å"Slavery was an extremely diverse economic institution, one that extracted unpaid labor out of people in a variety of settings . . . This diversity was also reflected in their prices.† (The Conversation, 2017). Yet another facet of the slave trade’s involvement with economics is the actual purchasing and selling of these human beings. This transitions into the ethics of the American slave trade, where we can clearly divine that ethics were not employed. We witness this in particular with the 3/5ths compromise, where people were demeaned to less of human beings than their white counterparts. While these ethics of slavery are in the past, there is still an American culture of racism in our modern day. This in tandem with the unwillingness of people to discuss t he fact that slavery was a very real institution, as seen in the â€Å"McGraw-Hill textbook controversy over calling slaves ‘workers from Africa’†, this culture of unaccountability still exists today because we refuse to acknowledge the failure of past Americans in a sense of moral correctness. â€Å"The elephant that sits at the center of our history is coming into focus. American slavery happened – we are still living with its consequences. I believe we are finally ready to face it, learn about it and acknowledge its significance to American history.† (The Conversation, 2017) This â€Å"peculiar institution† would continue to persevere until January of 1865, when the 13th Amendment was passed, and slavery in America finally became illegal. Even for this amendment, however, the exploitation of human beings in America would not draw to a close. The American government could not have guessed that even after outlawing slavery in the States they would be unable to protect their people from a future, and parallel institution: Human Trafficking. Modern labor and sex trafficking cannot be given a set date, but rather they have both likely existed since the beginning of civilization. Only in recent years have they culminated to a point in which international government intervention is absolutely needed. The reason that a cooperative international effort is needed is because many individual countries, states, and cities are at a loss when it comes to preventing slavery. â€Å"Many local Police forces are scrambling to find or invent their own anti-slavery training.† (Bales and Soodalter, 2009, pg. 180). With a cumulative effort a singular and effective method of anti-slavery training could be developed, this would allow local police departments to focus on the task of utilizing a successful program, rather than squandering considerable amounts of time developing their own programs, which may do more harm than good. Another contributing factor is to human trafficking is that many people are not willing to believe that human trafficking could be happening in their communities. â€Å"It took the arrests of two people for the sex trafficking of two young girls, aged thirteen and seventeen, to awaken Nashville, Tennessee from its complacency† (Bales and Soodalter, 2009, pg. 180). Not only is denial of human trafficking putting the community at risk, it also prevents law enforcement from assisting those already involved in the trade from being rescued. On the other end of the spectrum, the police and the American people ignore the bulk of the issue. â€Å"Although the police recognize the potential for both sex and labor trafficking to occur in their communities, they focus their efforts on the sex trafficking of U.S. minor victims, whom they perceive as the most vulnerable and publicly supported victims.†(Farrell and Pfeffer, 2014). Another threat to salvation is the misinterpretation of human trafficking. â€Å"‘We are not talking about prostitution alone,’ said a counselor who worked with Leticia. ‘What she experienced was slavery. She had no rights, not even over her own body. When a person is forced to submit to sexual exploitation like this, the physical, emotional, and spiritual deterioration is profound.† (Simons, 2010, pg. 63) Finally, the use of human trafficking in order to acquire organs, in particular the kidney, for transplant is hardly recognized. This form of trafficking is severely dangerous to the health of those individuals whose organs are stolen, and is a practice which is banned by the WHO amongst the governments of various other countries (Efrat, 2016). However, this form of organ transplantation rarely takes place outside of developing countries. Fortunately, the organ trade would be considered one of the easiest form of human trafficking to curb. Unfortunately, there is hardly enforcement of the law when it comes to organ transplantation. â€Å". . . Organ trafficking, at first blush, does not look harmful or morally repugnant. Transactions in organs may deceptively seem advantageous to both the organ buyer and seller, although in reality they are far from it. While the notion of buying sex — prostitution — meets widespread disapproval, many people accept the buying of kidneys as a legitimate solution for the shortage of organs for transplantation.† (Efrat, 2016) Human trafficking is one of the most prevalent issues around the globe, the institution of slavery has existed since the dawn of time, and without significant intervention it has persisted to this very day. An end to slavery is feasible and achievable, but no country can do it alone. The only hope for an end to human trafficking is collective government effort specializing specifically in the area of labor trafficking amongst sex and organ trafficking; not only focusing on rescuing those enslaved, but furthermore, the prevention of trafficking and the rehabilitation of individuals who had been trafficked. â€Å"The police must also establish partnerships with groups in the community who are more likely to come into contact with potential trafficking victims.† (Farrell and Pfeffer, 2014). Beginning on a local level and building to a federal, and even global level, awareness must be promoted for this vision to be realised. Given the history of slavery, the obstacle of human traf ficking may seem insurmountable, but with a diligent global effort an end to slavery, a long sought vision, is beyond possible, it is assured. Sources: Farrell, Amy, and REBECCA PFEFFER. Policing Human Trafficking: Cultural Blinders and Organizational Barriers. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science653 (2014): 46-64. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24541774. Feingold, David A. Human Trafficking. Foreign Policy, no. 150 (2005): 26-32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30048506. Wilson, Jeremy M., and Erin Dalton. The Human-Trafficking Markets in Columbus and Toledo. In Human Trafficking in Ohio: Markets, Responses, and Considerations, 11-28. Santa Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation, 2007. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg689oacp.9. Bales, Kevin, and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door. Google Books. Accessed October 23, 2018. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Slave_Next_Door.html?id=J936zQHE44ECprintsec=frontcoversource=kp_read_button#v=onepageqf=false. Mehlman-Orozco, K. (2016, July 29). What happens after a human trafficking victim is rescued? Retrieved from https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/289709-what-happens-after-a-human-trafficking-victim-is-rescued How Did Slavery Develop? How Did Public Sanitation Develop? DailyHistory.org. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://dailyhistory.org/How_Did_Slavery_Develop? Olusoga, David. The History of British Slave Ownership Has Been Buried: Now Its Scale Can Be Revealed. The Guardian. July 11, 2015. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/british-history-slavery-buried-scale-revealed. Snell, Melissa. Slavery Didnt Go Away When the Western Roman Empire Fell. Thoughtco. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/chains-in-medieval-times-1788699. Berry, Daina Ramey. American Slavery: Separating Fact from Myth. The Conversation. September 18, 2018. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://theconversation.com/american-slavery-separating-fact-from-myth-79620. Efrat, Asif. Organ Traffickers Lock up People to Harvest Their Kidneys. Here Are the Politics behind the Organ Trade. The Washington Post. December 07, 2016. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/07/organ-traffickers-lock-up-people-to-harvest-their-kidneys-here-are-the-politics-behind-the-organ-trade/?noredirect=onutm_term=.343228d1bbd3. Simons, Rae, and Joyce Zoldak. Gender Danger: Survivors of Rape, Human Trafficking, and Honor Killings. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2010.

Britain Euro reivised Free Essays

This paper looks at the definition euro, its origin, implications and reasons why it Britain should join it or not. There are benefits of Britain will gain by joining the euro rather greater than staying away. These include improved living standards, access to larger market, stabilization of prices, minimization of exchange risks and business risks, reduction of effect of investment loss and influence in the European Union. We will write a custom essay sample on Britain Euro reivised or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the hand joining the euro may bring about difficulty in integrating to single currency, low flexibility in labor and migration movement as well as financial burden to be incurred when joining the euro. Thus it is better to join than to avoid. THE EURO AND BRITAIN The euro is the official name of the single currency which became operational from January 1, 1999. Then it became the official currency for thirteen countries in Europe referred as Euro zone or Euro Area. The name â€Å"euro† was adopted in December 1995 at the European Union Council of Ministers meeting in Madrid. The symbol for the euro was derived from the Greek letter epsilon. First letter E refers to Europe while Greece represents the origin of European civilization. The horizontal parallel lines in the euro symbol stands for stability. Banks started depositing cash in Euro currencies that is the euro time deposits of cash held outside the country of its origin in a banking system (Banking glossary 2006; European economic monetary union, 2008 The introduction of the euro is of great significance to Europe because since the collapse of the Roman Empire there has been no common currency in Europe, trade with different currencies was difficult and travelers had additional fees when exchanging the currencies. There was a risk to the investors because there was unexpected profit that can turn into loss if the exchange rate fluctuated. Hence, the need for a common currency which will facilitate trade in Europe (Mitropolitski, 2003) Common currency makes EU foreign investors reduce risks for their investments. The market enlarges and the regional price imbalances are rectified. Consumers will have common currency to measure the different goods and services and the people from the Euro area feel closer and build a common identity. They have demonstrated that people can come together without foreign influence. The Euro is then counterweight to the US dollar in foreign exchange (Mitropolitski, 2003) The history of producing European currency as a financial pillar of EU is quite recent. In the Treaty of Rome (1957) that was the foundation of EU did not mention common currency. But subsequent Acts of 1986 and 1992 became the foundation of a single currency. From January 1, 1999 the Euro was introduced (Mitropolitski, 2003) The implication of changing to Euro is diverse as the benefits of joining it. By having a single currency, the European Economic Monetary Union (EMU) members aim at promoting a single European market, similar in the size to that of US market. By combing these countries like Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain under one European market the economy is capable of growing at a faster rate. This means increased job opportunities and a higher standard of living. Bowman 1999 The nationals in the countries had to shift their loyalties to the euro. Since people are usually emotionally attached to their money and feelings of nationalism being involved this would differ from country to country in varying degrees (Bowman, 1999) The businesses will have noticeable changes to the way they will conduct their business such that there should be transparent prices. Consumers will have easy choice to compare prices in different countries and businesses which used to exploit the difference in currency values through price discrimination will have to contend pricing in euros. Businesses will have to restructure their pricing policies for a much wider markets (Bowman 1999). The euro will accelerate business efficiency; company costs will be reduced, consumers will enjoy low and stable price. Individual countries made specific adjustment in order to benefit e. g. adjusting their expenditure and taxes. Germany had to take economic measures by limiting their fiscal stimulatory policy when economic growth was slow while unemployment rate increased. These measures were taken in order to harmonize their economies and make it less risky to function under one currency (Bowman 1999). There were complex logistical problems which Europeans had to overcome in adjusting to the euro such as the financial institutions had to change their systems and train staff. Prices had to be adjusted in euros when national currencies were still circulating for three more years after introduction of virtual currencies. Parking meters, vending and cash machines had to be converted for the introduction of euro notes and coins (Bowman 1999). Other service sectors had changed their system operations e. g. Mail services printed new stamps and revenue collection and payment done new tax forms as well as in advertisement campaigns. However, it took more time before consumers and businesses had completely adjusted following their countries giving out authority on the exchange rate and monetary policies under one currency (Bowman 1999) For US companies doing business in Europe, the shift to euros brought many changes i. e. Business operation became easier and cost-effective, especially those with branches in Europe. They now have a larger market, consumers and customers billed in dollars were least affected by the change but as the euro’s role grows internationally, pressure may be put on US companies to start pricing in euros. Then they would have to start absorbing the exchange rate costs and risks that their customers had experienced. Although doing business in Europe by American companies’ became easier competition increased as well (Bowman 1999). There are arguments for and against Britain joining the euro. We will first look at the reasons why the British should join. This is because in 1956 Britain failed to join the European Common Market and its economy failed to grow compared to other countries like France and Germany. When it later joined in 1973 the economy grew but did not close the gap between the Britain and those which entered earlier. The benefit of Britain joining the European market through the euro will be largely affected by the access in which it will enjoy of having large market and large economies of scale. In this case trade barriers are eliminated. The products of British companies will be able to reach a wide selection of clientele and operate in large scale. This will contribute to producing goods more efficiently as seen in United States. The companies will restructure and merge in order to benefit from single market and single currency. The large market will also make it easier for medium sized companies to get cheaper intermediate goods and raw materials from a wide range of suppliers (Layard et al. , 2002). Although Britain joined the free trade market it really did not make a single market because of different currencies used by those countries. Hence, prices of goods varied considerably between and within countries. For example, United Sates and Canada have a common language and culture but they have different currencies. Prices of goods vary significantly in US and Canada than between provinces in Canada. This makes the markets of these two countries significantly different mainly due to currencies (Layard et al. , 2002). When Britain joins the single currency market its nationals and companies will enjoy wide variety of goods and services at cheaper value. The living standards of consumers will improve. For an economy to grow of such nature like that of Britain there is need of single currency. This is because Britain has high tradable sector to European market. The single currency will have great effect on its economy. For example, before the introduction of euro in 1999, in the previous year, Britain had high percentage trading between countries of Euro Area. However, after the other counties joined the trade exchange of Britain decreased by -1% between 1998 and 2001 while those of countries in the Euro Area increased by 20%. See the table below (Layard et al. , 2002). Single currency is quite significant in trade and productivity because it leads to absence in currency fluctuation. Companies are able to restructure their systems so that they can achieve maximum efficiency and improve their productivity. Also single currency will ensure there is price transparency. Companies will have to change the price of their goods across all countries which may be relatively stable. Otherwise customers of business and consumers will cross the border for buying and shopping their merchandise. This will result in public outcry and a response will be inevitable. Thus, it will stimulate productivity of companies (Layard et al. , 2002). In joining the euro, capital market integration will occur and barriers between capital markets will breakdown. This is different from where previously companies within individual countries will hold their assets and liquidity in the same currency. But with the introduction of euro companies can invest across EU countries which will definitely stimulate productivity (Layard et al. , 2002). The floating pound poses a disadvantage to British companies since the pound will fluctuate against the euro. This will make businesses lose profit and may later degenerate into bankruptcy. Their profitability will fluctuate with fluctuation of exchange rate thereby increasing business risk for exporters and importers. The companies cannot insure their companies against such risks in case they would want to invest in other EU countries where there is uncertainty in quantities and prices of goods to be sold. Therefore British companies will have to sell its goods in euro rather than in pounds (Layard et al. , 2002). The uncertainty in exchange rate deters the formation of unified market and investment. This is because of arbitrary fluctuation of exchange rates over a period of time against the allowable adjustment margin. This brings about economic shock where the independent exchange rate cannot offset. The dysfunctional movement of exchange rate will impact negatively on the economy because of large tradable sector compared to a large economy (Layard et al. , 2002). The disadvantage of floating exchange rate may escalate making it unattractive of which it will continue to do so as a result of capital markets being integrated and more liquid. Optimal currency size is a reflection of balance between the benefit of independent interest rates and exchange rates in economic adjustment. But the danger lies in the flexibility of exchange rate which may induce economic shock or the larger financial markets integrating and becoming more liquid (Layard et al. , 2002). Britain has to join the euro because it trades more with it than any other country in the world. For example it trades three times more than in USA which is the second largest trading partner. See the table below showing trading shares in percentage for year 2000 It also necessary for Britain to join because of the currency for which goods and services traded is invoiced. For instance 44% are invoiced in pounds, 32% in US dollars and 20% in euros. Therefore to minimize exchange rate risks it will be important to join the euro rather than the dollar (Layard et al. , 2002). Britain stands to lose it investment from foreign investors who not only target sales in Britain but also Euro zone. Most companies will want to avoid currency risk associated with exchange rate e. g. Toyota and Nissan companies have intended to relocate to Euro area. The risk of London as a hub of business transaction associated with its dominance in bonds, mergers and acquisition will be experienced if they do not join because the European Central Bank located in Frankfurt in which Finance ministers from Euro countries make decision that affect the whole of EU members can do so in their favor (Layard et al. , 2002). Britain also stands to lose its influence in European economic decisions if it opts to stay out of the euro. This is because they view US influence to EU through Britain will be lost. But the fact remains that they can only influence more when they are inside than out. Layard et al (2002) explains a number of reasons for not joining the euro. These are; by joining euro, Britain will not fit well since its economy is more related to US than the rest of Europe. The single currency will require enormous European budget. The labor market will respond differently than the present because it will be less flexible and migration will be lower. Britain will lose the economic importance of exporting oil to European market. The euro will link Britain to a failing economy because it will be surpassed by other countries. The tax policy of Britain will be altered and that the British financial system is different from the rest of Europe hence making single currency policy difficult. Lastly, Europe’s pension liabilities which are unfunded will be borne by Britain is unnecessary. CONCLUSION The above discussion gives elaborate reasons for which Britain will have to join rather than avoid. Since the world economy is going through transformation, the European Union economy has great impact to Britain economy. So it will be of best interest for Britain to join the euro. REFERENCES Banking glossary. Definition. 2006. 16 April 2008 http://www. bankingglossary. net/definition/347-Euro_Currencies Banking glossary. Euro currencies. 2006. 16 April 2008 http://www. google. co. ke/search? hl=endefl=enq=define:The+eurosa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Bowman, Jennifer J. Economic Implications. Ed. 1999. Western Pennsylvania International Business Newsletter. 16 April 2008 http://www. pitt. edu/~ibcmod/newsletter/Spring99/economic. html European economic monetary union. Euro. 2008. 16 April 2008 http://www. unc. edu/depts/europe/conferences/eu/Pages/emu9. htm Layard, Richard et al. Britain should join. 1 August 2002. 16 April 2008 http://cep. lse. ac. uk/layard/RL334D. pdf Miltropolistski, Simeon. Euro is important. 26 July 2003. IRED. 16 April 2008 http://www. ired. com/news/mkt/euro. htm How to cite Britain Euro reivised, Papers